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padding

Padding is the practice of adding pixels around an input image to preserve its dimensions, while enabling a convolutional layer in a CNN model to be the same size as the actual input.

Pandas is an open source library in Python. Pandas provides functions and tools to allow management of data structures and data analysis. Therefore Pandas library is particularly useful in data science, data engineering and machine learning. The official documentation of the pandas functions is available at: https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/index.html. Pydata community is a member of the NumFocus ... Read more

Parallelization

Parallelization is the technique of dividing up processing tasks among multiple processors to scale up the performance of a software environment. Parallel CPU, NPU and GPU architectures achieve much higher performance than legacy serial execution logic circuits.

Parametric ML algorithm

Machine learning can be summarized as learning a function (f) that maps input variables (X) to output variables (Y), such as Y = f(x). An algorithm learns this target mapping function from training data. The form of the function is unknown, so our job as machine learning practitioners is to evaluate different machine learning algorithms ... Read more

PCA

In machine learning, PCA stands for Principal Component Analysis. PCA is used to tackle a known ML problem when a dataset has a large number of features, i.e. high dimensions, also known as the curse of dimensionality. The ML feature engineering engineering techniques available are classified into feature selection and feature extraction techniques. Dimensionality reduction ... Read more

penetration test

A penetration test in cybersecurity is a test which uses security utilities to evaluate the levels of cybersecurity of an infrastructure and/or applications by executing an authorized attack on a number of systems.

percentile

In statistics, a percentile is a term that describes how a score compares to other scores from the same set. While there is no universal definition of percentile, it is commonly expressed as the percentage of values in a set of data scores that fall below a given value, for example the 25th percentile, the ... Read more

perceptron

A perceptron is a type of algorithm which is utilized by ANNs to solve binary classification problems.

periodicity

Periodicity is a term used in seasonal forecasting models. It is used to signify the number of observations which comprise a single season.

perturbation

Perturbation refers to a set of methods for distorting the pixels in an image without compromising the overall information contained within it. These methods can be changing the image's resolution, converting it from color to greyscale, reverting the image dimensions, etc.

PII

PII stands for personally identifiable information. This refers to information (data) which must be protected to ensure the privacy of the people described by that information.

pipeline

In machine learning, an ML pipeline is a sequential set of tasks which automate the machine learning process by feeding the output of one task into the input of the next task. Pipeline is a concept which can be found in other information technology principles as well. For example, in devops, a CI/CD cloud pipeline, ... Read more

PoC

A PoC stands for proof of concept. A PoC is a project which runs in preparation of a production project, in order to prove that the products, services, resources in the solution design actually cover the originally assumed technical and business requirements. Any potential functional and non-functional issues should be discovered and corrected, so that ... Read more

polynomial kernel

The polynomial kernel is a kernel trick method that uses polynomial values as part of its feature space projection. The polynomial kernel is used with support vector machines (SVMs) and other kernelized ML models.

pooling layer

The pooling layer is a type of layer in a convolutional neural network (CNN) which applies an aggregation function to input features in order to make a more efficient selection.

PRC

PRC stands for precision–recall curve. It is a method of visualizing the tradeoff between precision and recall. Precision and recall are both model performance metrics , aka cost function, for classification systems.

Precision

In statistics and machine learning, precision is a measure of how often the positives identified by a learning model are true positives. This is a division of true positives (based on the confusion matrix) by all estimated positives (=true positives + false positives). The precision metric is commonly used in conjunction with recall, to evaluate ... Read more

prediction

Prediction is a machine learning task of estimating the state of something in the future based on past or current data. Various AI apps utilize prediction features.

principle of least privilege

The principle of least privilege is a cybersecurity principle by which a user is only given the permissions they need to do their job, and no more than that. For example, joining a Windows Server virtual machine to an Active Directory domain does not necessarily require an admin to be a domain administrator but rather ... Read more